This section is presented for the do-it-yourselfer who needs some help either troubleshooting or repairing their own hot tub spa. Here we are assuming that if you have chosen to work on your own unit, you have a basic knowledge of electricity.

Please remember that water and electricity DO NOT MIX. If you are not capable of performing a repair yourself, please contact a local spa professional or a licensed electrician in your area.

Also realize that the wiring and equipment described herein represents the “average” spa equipment pack. Your unit may vary significantly from the components described below. If you are in doubt as to how to properly troubleshoot or repair your specific unit, please contact a local spa professional or a licensed electrician in your area.

Use any of the information contained herein AT YOUR OWN RISK. We will not be held liable for any injuries that may result from the troubleshooting or installation of any electrical components in your hot tub spa unit.

Are the ball valves open? Is the water level correct? Is the filter cartridge dirty? (remove if in doubt) Are the jets wide open? Is the impeller clogged? Is the system primed? Are the fillings tight?

Heater Failure – Other Possible Causes

Are the 0-rings in place? Is the bib fitting tight? Is the thermostat set properly? Is the Hi Limit switch tripped? (If so, why?) Are the heater wires burnt? Are the contactor wires burnt? Is there proper voltage to the pack? Is the timer in control (if so, was pack run long enough?) Are all wires in place? Is there power to the heater? (Indicator light would be on.) Is the pack in the proper mode for heater operation? Does the heater work on high speed? With a 110 volt pack, was the pack run on low speed only? A 110 volt pack will only heat on low speed at a rate of 2 to 3 degrees per hour. See also Total Lack of Heat section below.

Pump Will Not Run At All

Is the pack supplied with the proper voltage? (Most 1 hp require 120v, 1-1/2 hp require 240v.) (Check motor data plate.) Is the timer set to have it operate (low speed only)? Is the GFCI tripped? (120 volt packs have GFCI protected pumps.)

Pump Runs But Does Not Move Water

Is the spa filled above all intake ports? Is the impeller clogged with debris?  Is the pack plumbed to the spa correctly? (Skimmers to front of pump, Jets to discharge.)

Low Speed Pump Does Not Function

Is the tubing attached between the spa and air switch? Is the pump flood primed? Is the impeller clogged with debris? Is the air switch set for low speed operation? Is the pack set for timer operation? (See Timer Trouble Section.)

Hi Speed Pump Does Not Function

Check each of the things under Low Speed Pump Does Not Function except the last one about timer operation. Is the hi limit switch tripped? (See section Pump Will Not Go From Low To High Speed.) Is the impeller spinning inside the pump?

Blower Does Not Function

Is the GFCI reset? Does the air switch work? If the GFCI trips, is there water in the blower or blower lines? Is the top of the air loop mounted higher than the water level, as it should be? Also see Air Blower Does Not Work at All section below.

Total Lack of Heat

This section applies only to the total lack of heat, not to the lack of enough heat rise. First, make sure the pack is in the mode of operation such that it should be heating. (Low speed pump only is standard.) After each check, if a correction is made, check heater for amp draw to verify problem or corrected problem.

1. Make sure valves are open and water level is high enough in spa.
2. Remove filter cartridge and recheck heater with amp meter. (120v should read 12.5 amps; 240v should read 25 amps, however this may vary on specific spa models – check your instruction manual for proper readings for your unit.)
3. If #1 and #2 check OK and your water flow is still weak with air bubbles coming through (the air induction being closed) check for loose pipe connections at all joints. (A slow drip may result when the pack is turned off at such a loose joint.) Also, be sure all jets are open for maximum water flow.
4. REMOVE PACK COVER. Using volt meter on a minimum 240 volt scale (120 on a 120 pack) check to see whether the power coming in is enough to power the pack: 210-240 on 240v, 110-120 on 120v. If not, have an electrician look into it.
5. On 240v observe contactor or heater relay. If it activates when the thermostat is turned up and still no amperage is being drawn, check for 240 volts at the wire ends of the heater cord. If it does not activate, go to check #6. If 240 is found where the cord meets the relay but not at the element, check the “Hi Limit’ switch breaking power to one line on the element. To do this, look to see if the heater indicator light is on. If not, check to see if the “Hi Limit” switch is tripped. Press on the red button sticking out of the bottom or front of the control box. If it resists just a little before stopping and you hear a “click, it was probably tripped. The indicator light should now be on to indicate power to the element. If the light does not come on, check Amp draw on the heater anyway – the light may have gone bad. If the heater draws amperage, the light is broken and needs replacement in order to indicate power to the heater. (No harm will come to the pack if the light does not work.)
6. If heater relay does not activate, check for proper voltage at the point where the black or red wire meets the relay coil. (Your specific wiring diagram should identify the coil voltage.) Also verify that the right relay is in the unit by checking the ratings against the diagram.
7. If voltage is not found at the relay coil, check flow switch/pressure switch as described in #8. If flow is OK, check thermostat for power out. The wire leading to the flow switch from the thermostat should be carrying 120v. When checking for this voltage, disconnect the wire from the pressure switch so you do not get test interference from voltage that might be coming from the other side of the heater relay coil. Be sure the thermostat is turned all the way to “Hi” before looking for voltage. Also, make sure the thermostat sensing bulb is located properly to sense the water temperature. If the bulb is exposed to air, COVER IT. If out of the well, insert and center it. If no voltage is found, adjust calibration on the thermostat by turning Allen screw at top of switch clockwise until a “click” is heard or you reach 1/4 revolution (whichever comes first). If you turn it around 1/4 way without hearing the click, your thermostat must be replaced.
8. If you have a pressure switch, adjust it as described in Pressure Switch section below.

No Heat – Details For Straight, Flo-thru Heaters

Heaters are considered Flo-Thru type heaters because the water flows through unrestricted by elbows or thermowells. Most are 6kw and are rated for 240 volts. Some have the elements welded directly to the manifolds such that if the element wears out, you replace the entire heater assembly. Some elements can be removed for replacement but are more fragile. If you go to replace an element, be sure to hold the base of the post with a 1/4″ open-end wrench to prevent twisting of the post. Otherwise you stand a good chance of breaking off the post. Be sure to hold it tight again when reinstalling the wires on the new element.

To determine if the element in a flo-thru is bad, test it the same as you would a regular element. If the wires have been removed, check it for continuity. You should see approx. 9-11 ohms of resistance if it is good, maximum resistance if bad. Be sure to measure resistance between a post and your ground to make sure the element is not ruptured. You should see maximum (infinite) resistance if it is good. If the needle moves at all on the meter, you have a rupture in the element sheath. You would need to replace it. The continuity test to ground is best done when the manifold is full of water.

The hi limit and thermostat bulbs are usually positioned under a protective metal insulated cap secured to the manifold by a wing nut. Make sure the sensors are fully under the cap and that the cap is tightly secured. If insulated properly you should not be able to see the side of either bulb under the cap once the nut is tight. If you can see it, ambient air can get to it and affect the temperature control performance. If you are sure the bulbs are straight in the grooves on the manifold, and that the cap is tight, you could add some insulating tape or something to help block ambient air from that area of the heater for more consistent performance.

Grounding of the heater is achieved through the use of nuts with external tooth lock washers securing the manifold to the control box. Be sure to reuse the same nuts if you remove them. The lock washer breaks through the protective coating in the box to establish ground.

Air Blower Does Not Work At All

1. Be sure GFCI is reset and working. If not working, replace it.
2. If GFCI cannot be reset, you probably have water in the blower or GFCI receptacle. These must be totally dried out. Try using a hair dryer on these components. If water is found in the blower line, it may take several hours to dry out. If water is not the problem, check for improper wiring, and if this is not the case.
3. Check for power where the black wire from the blower meets the air switch. If power is found, the blower may be bad. Replace. (Be sure your neutral wire is hooked up and that you do not have an open neutral condition on the GFCI before replacing the blower.) If power is not found, the air switch may be bad. Check the wire powering the air switch and check the switch for continuity. If no power, check the wire leading to the switch for continuity and replace as needed. If you have power but do not get proper switching action, replace the switch.
4. If none of these things fix the problem, the blower may need to be replaced.

Heat Works, But Tub Does Not Reach 104 Degrees

1. Be sure thermostat is turned all the way up and that the equipment area is well ventilated. Hi ambient temperatures around the pack will effect thermostat calibration. Also make sure the thermobulb is properly located and protected to sense water temperature.
2. Slowly turn the thermostat from “Hi’ back toward “Low. See if you hear a click.
3. If a small click is not heard, the thermostat may be set too low. To adjust, insert a properly sized alien wrench into adjustment screw found just below the shiny silver plate on top side of the thermostat. Turn the screw clockwise to raise the setting. One quarter revolution is equal to a rise of 100. If you have to turn the screw more than 1/4 revolution to achieve the desired effect, replace the thermostat. If the “click” is still not heard, replace the thermostat.
4. If replacing the thermostat does not correct the problem, call a spa professional.

Pump Will Not Go From Low To High Speed

1. The equipment may be equipped with a special safety circuit that activates when the pump is left running on high speed for extended periods of time. This would cause the water in the spa to reach temperatures high enough to cause the hi limit switch to trip, disengaging high speed operation (as well as the heater.) If this is the case, when the air switch is in the position intended for high speed operation, the low speed pump will not shut off with the timer operation (turning the bypass). When the air switch is in the position intended for low speed operation, the timer will be able to shut the low speed pump off. If this accurately describes the present operation of the equipment, reset the hi limit switch, make sure the high speed pump now works. If the hi limit switch is not the problem, follow the instructions below.
2. Check wiring inside to be sure nothing came off. If so, use the unit’s wiring diagram to put wires back. Be sure they fit tightly on the air switch. If not, crimp down on the edges of the connector carefully. (If overdone, it will not go on without breaking the air switch.)
3. If wiring inside is OK, check for loose wires at rear of pump. Correct if necessary as described in #2.
4. If wiring inside is OK, the air switch may be faulty. Using your volt meter check to see that power is alternated from your high to low pump wires when the air switch actuator button is pressed. (Usually, black for low and red for high.) Be sure that the air hose is not pinched between the button and the air switch, and that there is no water in it. If the air switch does not work, remove actuator button and blow into the line as the button may be bad. If power does not transfer from Hi to Low, replace the air switch and try again.
5. If power does transfer but the pump does not respond, check for power at the pump and if it is there, replace the pump. If it is not, replace the cord to the pump. HINT: Make sure common wire is hooked up before replacing pump or cord. If power is found at the rear of the pump but the pump does not respond, replace the pump.

No Low Speed Pump

1. If your pack is not equipped with a timer, and your air switch is in the low speed mode:
   1. Check wire (Black) leading from air switch to the pump for 120 volts, if voltage is not there, replace the air switch.
   2. If power is there, check the back of the pump (the Black wire) and see if you have 110Ov. If not, replace the cord.
   3. If you have 120v and your common wire is hooked up, replace the pump.
2. If your pack is equipped with a timer, your timer interrupts power between the air switch and the pump (low speed only):
   1. Be sure you have power coming to the timer (Black wire) from the air switch. If not, replace the air switch. (Before replacing, make sure the air switch is in the low speed mode.)
   2. Be sure you have power to the pump from the timer. If not, check to see that the bypass is not activated. If the bypass is not on and power is not coming through, replace the timer.
   3. If power is coming through timer, check the Black wire at the back of the pump for power. If it is not there, replace the cord. If it is there, replace the pump. Check your common wire on the pump to be sure it is hooked up before removing pump for not operating.

Pump Will Not Come On At All

First, determine what voltage the pump you are troubleshooting requires to work. The plate on the side of the motor will tell you this. Then also check to make sure the pack it is connected to is wired appropriately for this pump to be used. (Some replacements are improperly applied in the field.)

Once you are sure the motor requirements match the wiring method, check for proper voltage at the air switch where the pump wires attach to it using the method described under VOLTAGE TESTING. If proper voltage is not found, check the wire that powers the air switch for voltage. If proper voltage is found where the wire feeds the air switch, and not where the pump wires attach, replace the air switch. (A continuity check of the air switch function will verify this problem area.) If power is found at the pump wires, check the back of the pump for voltage. If none is found, replace the cord. If proper voltage is found, replace the pump.

Water Gets Too Hot

Water that is too hot can be caused by several things:

1. Thermostat out of calibration: Recalibrate as described under Heat Works, But Tub Does Not Reach 104 Degrees, only in this case turn the calibration screw counterclockwise to reduce the temperature setting.
2. Thermostat sensing bulb not applied: Make sure the sensing bulb is applied to the manifold under the heat tape (older models) or inside a thermowell if provided. If in a thermowell, make sure the bulb is centered in the well.
3. Heater relay contacts may be stuck closed: Replace relay and determine cause (could be chattering thermostat, low voltage, bad pressure switch, or pump cavitation). If contacts are damaged, install a suppressor on new relay coil.
4. Hi speed pump may have been run for too long: If water exceeds 122 degrees and equipment includes new hi speed shutdown relay, check circuit and hi limit operation.
5. Hi limit may be defective: If water exceeds 122 degrees and includes the hi speed shut down circuit, the hi limit probably needs to be replaced. If it does not include the new circuit, see if the hi limit is tripped. If the limit is not tripped, it is out of calibration and must be replaced. NEVER RECALIBRATE A HI LIMIT SWITCH.

Timer Troubles – Various

Most trouble associated with timers involves the lack of understanding of how it works. Here are the general rules:

1. The timer only controls the low speed pump – NOT THE HIGH SPEED.
2. When the pack leaves the factory, the timer switch controlling the low speed is open such that the low speed pump will not come on. All trippers are in the OFF mode so the low speed will not come on unless the bypass is used or the trippers are pulled and lined up with the arrow on the dial.
3. The only way the low speed pump should come on without the use of the timer (if the pack is fresh out of the box) is if the installer happens to push the air switch and instead of high speed they get low speed. This can happen if during shipment the equipment is stored in a room or truck that gets very hot inside, in which case the hi limit will trip and engage the hi speed shut down circuit (see Hi Speed Pump Does Not Function).
4. Usually, each tripper on the timer is good for only 30 minutes of low speed operation, however this will vary from unit to unit (some are good for 15 minutes). If continuous low speed operation is desired, all trippers must be pulled to the ON position.
5. The bypass (if you have one) will only affect operation until a tripper set in a position that will nullify the effect of the bypass function comes in front of the arrow. That is, if the tripper in front of the arrow is pushed in, and the next several trippers are also pushed in, turning the bypass to have the low speed pump come on will only be effective until the next consecutive tripper pushed in comes in front of the arrow, or a maximum of 30 minutes. If you wish to have the low speed remain on, you must either turn the bypass again when it shuts off, or pull the next several trippers to their “ON” position for as many minutes as you desire the pump to run. The opposite is true for the use of the bypass in conjunction with trippers pulled out in the “ON” position. The bypass would only keep the low speed pump off until the next pulled out “ON’ tripper lines up with the arrow.
6. The clock on the timer is rarely going to be bad. If it loses time, consider whether there may have been a power outage or if someone is welding nearby. A neighbor’s welding can affect your timer’s ability to keep time. The arcing has an affect on the cycles (usually 60Hz) and can change them. If it gains time, someone could be changing the dial position on the timer. Simple adjustment of the tripper positions can inadvertently affect the timer dial setting whether you are aware of it or not. If a time clock is legitimately not keeping good time, it should consistently need the same time adjustment every 24 hours. Monitor it’s performance untouched for a period of several days. If you truly have a bad clock, consistent time loss or gain will be evident. Replace timer.

Troubleshooting Pressure Switches

A pressure switch will allow power to pass through it as long as there is a measurable amount of pressure in the cavity to which it is connected. This pressure can be created whenever the pump is running and as long as there is some water in the bottom of the pump housing whether the rest of the pack is full of water or not. That is, as long as the valves are shut creating a sealed cavity in order to build pressure. Therefore, when the valves are open, the heater will not come on when there is not enough water in the plumbing to maintain pressure.

If you see that you have good water flow and your heater will not operate, check to see that the thermostat makes a “click” noise. If you hear the “click” and the contactor will not close, check (with your volt meter) to see that the power is found at both terminals on the thermostat. Disconnect the thermostat wire leading to pressure switch before checking thermostat for voltage. Then, check for power at the coil where the wire from the pressure switch meets it. (Double check as to what coil voltage should be.)

If you have proper voltage at all three points, the pressure switch is not at fault. If you do not find power at any of the three points, your air switch may be at fault or you may be expecting the heater to operate when it is not supposed to be in the first place.

If you find power on one side of the thermostat and not the other with the thermostat turned all the way up, the thermostat is either defective, out of calibration, or the spa water is already hot. If you find power at both terminals on the thermostat and none on the contactor coil, the pressure switch is either out of calibration or is not functioning and must be replaced.

To check calibration, see if the black toothed gear on the back of the pressure switch is turned as far counter-clockwise as it can be. With the pump running it should turn the heater on. If it does, turn in clockwise now until the heater shuts back off and re-loosen it one-and-one-half turns. If it does not turn the heater on, replace it.

On the other hand, if you cannot get the heater to shut ‘off while the valves are open and the pump is running “dry”, then the switch is either broken or frozen shut and must be replaced, or the contacts of the heater relay are welded closed.

To replace it, first shut off the power and then remove the two wires going to it. If you have service valves to the equipment pack, shut them off. If not, and the pressure switch is of the type that has a barbed fitting and a hose connecting it to the heater, have the new switch close by and proceed as directed in the next paragraph. If you haven’t any valves and the switch screws directly into the heater manifold, you will have to drain the spa in order to change the switch.

If your switch is connected to the manifold with flexible tubing, pull the tubing off of the switch and cap, plug, or clamp off the tubing to prevent water spillage. (If you have service valves to shut off, you won’t need to worry about this.) Then remove the retaining nut holding the switch in place on the control box. Remove the switch from the control box, install the new switch, re-attach the nut, and re-attach the tubing.

If your switch screws directly into the heater manifold and you have service valves, you might want to drain water from at least the heater before removing the switch. Otherwise, depending on how the heater is oriented, you may get water inside the control box and on your wiring.

Once removed, we suggest you replace the switch with one that has stainless steel threads. (The one you removed may have plastic threads as they are less expensive.) To install a plastic thread switch properly with a mass of wires around may prove difficult if not impossible as the threads are prone to cross-threading if it doesn’t go in perfectly straight. This will result in a leak, either now or later. A stainless steel pressure switch is easier to install with a little PTFE Tape applied to the threads.

In either case, once the new switch is installed, re-attach the two wires and BE SURE TO OPEN THE SERVICE VALVES. Now turn the power back on. With the system running, you must calibrate the switch as previously described.

Relays vs. Contactors

Relays look significantly different depending on the brand of the spa pack. On many packs, the small “ice cube” looking things in the packs are called relays, while the larger, open-circuit counter parts are called contactors. They each do the same thing, allow control over a circuit that can’t be controlled directly by the component powering the relay or contactor coil. This could be due to high amperage (such as in a heater) or due to a GFCI protected circuit needing control over a non-GFCI protected circuit.

Either way, they each have two things in common, a coil, and a switch or set of large contacts. A relay coil is always identified as terminals A and B on the relay while the switch terminals are numbered. The contactor coil and switch terminals are generally more obvious.

The thing to remember is always be sure to replace a relay with one of the same coil voltage and equal or greater contact rating. Check the wiring diagram to be sure the relay you are removing is of the correct coil voltage in the first place. If the contacts of the component are burnt up, it is usually due to problems with the component controlling it such as a chattering pressure switch or thermostat. You will however run into the occasional burnt coil or lightning strike victim. If the relay is mounted with the protective shell facing down, drill a small hole in the bottom of the shell so that condensation cannot collect inside and short out the contacts. Water leaking into the pack can collect and cause this as well.

Thermostats – Mechanical vs. Electronic

Mechanical thermostats have been used on equipment forever. There are some electronic types available, but they are usually more expensive and therefore not so widely used. Mechanical thermostats are prone to calibration swings due to changes in the temperature around the switch body, capillary tube, and sensing bulb. Electronic types only respond to temperature changes at the bulb, generally the very tip of the bulb. In both cases, a thermostat gives the best performance if the bulb is inside a dry-well (also known as a Thermowell), completely surrounded by the spa water.

The next best location is under the insulated cap of a flo-thru manifold. This is only true provided the cap is kept tight and the air around the manifold remains at a somewhat constant temperature. If the air temperature changes, the water temperature will swing too. The colder the air around the manifold, the warmer the spa because that cooler air takes away the heat being transferred to the sensing bulb under the cap.

As for calibrating electronic thermostats, it is usually not possible. They must be replaced. They generally have trimpots inside that are very easily broken. A little too much pressure on the screw could create more problems for you.

Spa Side Controls

There are many, many different types of Spa Side Controls, and each can have their own specific problems. Here we will consider the most common ones. There are three manufacturers of basically the same 6 pin spa-side control. They are Tridelta, Len Gordon, and Press-Air-Trol. Each will plug into a socket provided on the control box of many models. Which one will be used depends largely on the preference of the spa manufacturer.

There are two methods of sensing the temperature with these controls. Some controls still have the mechanical bulb and capillary thermostats in them. Most now have electronic temperature controls (called a Thermistor) available with the spa-side control heads. The mechanical have historically proven to be unpredictable and subject to the same problems as thermostats mounted directly in the equipment packs because that is in fact what they are. Electronic temperature controls are generally more reliable. They employ thermistors in their bulb-like sensing units. These bulbs are shaped just like the mechanical sensing bulbs in order to fit into the same applications. Instead of the fluid used in the mechanical units, the electronic models have wire leads conveying a small electrical current from the thermistor in the sensor. The two controls are otherwise the same with the lights inside working as they always have.

Over and above the problems you may have with the mechanical thermostats, the common problem you will occasionally encounter with either control is a faulty harness that they plug into or a bad cord going to the control. In many cases, the spa side control sometimes cause nuisance tripping due to water getting inside the socket on the control box. This normally will occur sometime after installation. When you have trouble with this tripping upon installation, it is often due to a problem inside the cord of the control itself such that one of the light supply leads is touching the ground lead.

In order to determine if one of the leads is shorting out against the ground, simply do a continuity test between each terminal and the ground terminal. If any continuity with the ground terminal, you will have trouble.

If your Spa Side Control is not like those described above, contact a local spa professional to check it out for you.

Remember:

Use any of the information contained herein AT YOUR OWN RISK. We will not be held liable for any injuries that may result from the troubleshooting or installation of any electrical components in your hot tub spa unit.

Pseudomonas is a common problem in warm water pools and spas in particular. Fortunately the most common symptom is an itchy rash. It is often confused with bug bites (often complaints are received that a hotel has “bed bugs”), chicken pox, and other types of rashes. It can be much more serious including severe rashes requiring hospitalization, ear infections, urinary and vaginal infections, and probably most serious is pneumonia.

There are two kinds of Pseudomonas outbreaks. Most often seen is what some call transitory Pseudomonas contamination of a spa. About 15% of the population have Pseudomonas as a naturally part of the flora and fauna of their skin. When a “party” occurs in the spa, all the disinfectant is used up and the organism is spread to everyone in the tub from the carrier. Because the hot water opens up the pores, the Pseudomonas can enter the pores, “follicles”, in the skin, even of the carrier, and will cause the Pseudomonas Folliculitis problems. Once the party is over, everyone gets out, the spa can reestablish the disinfectant residual and the organisms are killed before setting up residence in the spa.

The second kind problem is when Pseudomonas sets up residence in your spa. If the disinfectant residual is not re-established soon enough, the organism can set up residence in the water. This is a much more serious problem for maintenance. Once it sets up residence, it covers itself with a slime layer to protect itself against the chlorine.

It likes to set up residence on surfaces, and is often found in areas of low flow. Sometimes in such large amounts that one can scoop out a handful of the stuff. Generally super-chlorinating will eliminate most infestations.

As a prophylactic measure one can drain the spa after several hours of high chlorine, and brush and scrub the spa with a 200-ppm solution of chlorine (2 oz. of household bleach per gallon of water, or 1 oz of 12% hypochlorite solution). The key is to brush and break up the protective layer.

Conscientious maintenance of disinfectant is the best procedure, don’t let is set up residence in the first place, and kill it before it passes from person-to-person.

Most swimming pool water problems are the result of one or more of the following:

1. No free available chlorine.
2. Poor water circulation.
3. Not using test kits, or not reading them correctly.
4. Lack of proper pool maintenance, which includes periodic super-chlorination and fresh water replacement.

CHECK THE SYMPTOMS LISTED BELOW, THEN APPLY THE SUGGESTED REMEDY….

Causes:

1. Algae
2. Too high a hardness level
3. Too frequent backwashing
4. Inefficient filter
5. Plugged or channeled filter
6. Precipitating calcium compounds
7. Improper pH
8. Improper total alkalinity
9. Too high a total dissolved solids content

Remedies:

1. Inspect filtration system
2. Adjust you pH and total alkalinity to proper levels, as well as the free available chlorine
3. Maintain a consistent 1.0 – 1.5 ppm free chlorine level

Causes:

1. Insufficient free-chlorine residual
2. Not following routine pool maintenance, including testing and sanitizing.

Remedies:

1. Super-chlorinate
2. Check pH and adjust, if necessary, to comfort zone: pH 7.2 – 7.8
3. Brush spots with pool brush to remove clinging algae
4. Maintain a minimum chlorine residual of 1.0 to 1.5 ppm

Causes:

1. Improper pH
2. Combined chlorine

Remedies:

1. Super-chlorinate
2. Adjust pH to proper 7.2 – 7.8 range
3. Maintain proper levels of pH, total alkalinity, and free chlorine residual

Causes:

1. Corrosion of pool’s metal hardware due to low pH
2. High pH
3. High alkalinity
4. Dissolved metals

Remedies:

1. Adjust pH to 7.2 – 7.8
2. Adjust total alkalinity
3. Check with your pool chemical dealer about: Using chelating materials or acid washing your pool

Causes:

1. Algae
2. Calcification
3. Hair
4. Suntan lotion
5. Improper pH
6. Improper total alkalinity

Remedies:

1. Check the guide-lines for your pool, including proper pH and total alkalinity, adjust them to proper levels
2. Maintain proper levels for pH and total alkalinity

Causes:

1. Too high a concentration of algaecide
2. Organic debris in water

Remedies:

1. Read product labels carefully, and obey dosage instructions
2. Discard water, as necessary
3. Super-chlorinate
4. Adjust pH, total alkalinity, and free chlorine residual to proper ranges
5. Maintain those proper levels

Causes:

1. Calcium carbonate deposits caused by excessively hard water
2. Accumulation of dissolved solids

Remedies:

1. Adjust pH to 7.2 – 7.8
2. Adjust total alkalinity
3. Check with your pool chemical dealer about: Using chelating materials or acid washing your pool

Causes:

1. Chlorine turns unseen copper, iron, or manganese in the water into unwanted and highly-visible compounds
2. Water velocity in circulatory system too high

Remedies:

1. Adjust pH to 7.8
2. Run filter continuously and backwash as required
3. Vacuum settled material to waste
4. Check velocity of water to make sure copper is not leached out of lines
5. Ask your authorized pool dealer about use of alum for faster clean-up results

Causes:

1. Leaves, other organic debris in water
2. Algae

Remedies:

1. Clean pool of leaves or other debris
2. Super-chlorinate
3. Adjust the free chlorine residual, the pH and total alkalinity to proper levels
4. Maintain those levels

Cause:

1. Insufficient fresh water added to pool

Remedies:

1. Discard “old” pool water
2. Adjust your pool guidelines to proper range
3. Maintain those proper levels

1. Drain spa water every 2 – 3 months, depending on use.
2. Clean spa shell with an acrylic spa cleaner like Spray Away or Novus (do not use a soap based cleaner !)
3. Wax spa shell with Highlight aerosol acrylic spa wax (do not use car wax on an acrylic spa !).
4. Soak filter cartridge overnight in Filter Cleaner solution and rinse off thoroughly with water. If it does not come clean, replace the Filter.
5. Squeeze out any surface oil removers such as Scumballs or Scumbugs and rinse them off with fresh water. Replace if damaged or used up.
6. Refill spa with fresh water to recommended level.

Water Chemical Set Up

1. If using Perfect pH, add the entire bottle to the spa water. Run the spa on high speed (jets) for 15 minutes, then proceed with Step # 2. If you are not using Perfect pH, go directly to Step # 2.
2. Add 2 bottle caps of concentrated Demineralizer or Metal Out to the water. Some brands require that you must add the entire bottle. Read the instructions on your bottle to be sure.
3. Add 2 bottle caps of Spa Shock or Spa Chlor to the water. Do not use Non-Chlorine Spa Shock the first time when refilling tub with fresh water.
4. Add 2 bottle caps of Water Clarifier to the water.
5. Add 2 ounces of Scumdigester or any other enzyme based oil-eating product to the water.
6. Test and adjust the pH of the water to 7.6 – 8.2 by adding either pH Plus or pH Minus (Don’t do this if using Perfect pH).
7. Test and adjust the Alkalinity of the water to between 100 – 120 by adding Alkalinity Plus (Don’t do this if using Perfect pH).
8. Add 4 – 6 Bromine Tablets to the Bromine Floater and put Floater in the spa water.
9. Run spa on low speed (heat) for at least 6 hours to heat up, properly mix all the chemicals and completely filter the water.

Weekly Maintenance

1. Test water for Bromine, pH and Alkalinity.
2. Add 4 – 6 new Bromine Tablets to the Floater if necessary. Try to maintain an average Bromine level of between 1.0 – 1.5.
3. Adjust the Alkalinity to between 100 – 120 and the pH to 7.6 – 8.2 (Don’t manually adjust the pH or Alkalinity if using Perfect pH).
4. Rinse off the cartridge filter with fresh water.
5. Squeeze out Scumballs or Scumbugs and rinse them off with fresh water.
6. Add 2 bottle caps of Water Clarifier.
7. Add 2 bottle caps of Spa Shock, Spa Chlor or Non-Chlorine Spa Shock.
8. Add 2 ounces of Scumdigester or any other enzyme based oil-eating product to the water.
9. Clean water line and lip of spa with Spray Away or Novus acrylic spa cleaner (do not use a soap based cleaner !)

Daily Operation

1. Spa water should filter on low speed for at least 3 hours per day.
2. Bromine Floater should have Bromine Tablets in it and should remain in the spa at all times, except when you are using it.
3. Scumballs or Scumbugs should remain in spa at all times, except when you are using it. They absorb surface oils and reduce “ring around the spa” at the water line.
4. Ozonator (if equipped) should operate on low speed at least 3 hours for every 12 hours. If using an Ozonator, you should also use at least 2 – 3 Bromine Tablets in a Bromine Floater as well.

Need Help ?

Call us anytime for water chemistry advice or to order any hot tub chemicals or accessories. Or, you can visit the “Info / Tips” section of our web site for more detailed water chemistry articles.

1. First of all, please realize that most damage that occurs to hot tub spas is caused by improper winterization. Also realize that the damage that can be done due to freezing is very costly to repair. Be very careful if you choose to close down your own spa. If you have any doubts, it is much better to contact a local spa professional to do this for you !
2. Start off by turning off the circuit breaker for the spa’s electrical line, or if possible, unplug the unit. Then remove the hard thermal cover and drain out the spa. This can be done by hooking a garden hose to the spa’s bottom drain spout, or by actually pumping the water out with a submersible pump. Either way, make sure you leave the bottom drain spout open when you are done.
3. Next, locate your spa heater, and turn it off. This is most important ! Replace the hard thermal cover on the spa and turn the spa’s circuit breaker back on, or plug the unit back in. Activate the spa’s air blower and let it run for approximately 30 seconds. This will blow all the water out of the air channel under the spa seats. If you do not have an air channel and air blower, you can obviously skip this procedure.
4. Once again, remove the cover and soak up all the remaining water from inside the spa with towels or a mop or suck it out with a shop vac. Make sure that you get all the water out, especially in the footwell. Remove the cartridge filter from the spa and make sure that all the water is out of the filter canister compartment. Leave a large terrycloth towel in a lump in the bottom of the footwell to soak up any additional water that might get in.
5. Go to your spa equipment pack. Trip the ground fault circuit interrupter (GFCI). This is usually done by pressing the TEST button.
6. Turn off the circuit breaker that is used for the spa in your home breaker box. Also unplug the spa if it is a 110 volt unit.
7. Loosen or unscrew any fittings on your spa equipment that look like they could be loosened or unscrewed. These are usually quick disconnect fittings on either side of the heater and on either side of the pump. As you loosen each fitting, water will come out. This is what you want ! Leave all fittings unscrewed. Remove any drain plugs that may be on your pump housing. This is most important ! Pump housings crack easily with only a small amount of water in them. Make sure you also drain out the filter canister and the heater and remove any drain plugs that are there.
8. Next, you’ll want to blow out any residual water from the jet piping. This can be done with either the “blowing” end of a shop vac, an air compressor or some types of leaf blowers. Get into the spa and put the blowing end of the hose up against each jet. Make sure that the jets are all open as wide as possible, and make sure that the topside air controls are closed. Start with the jet closest to the exhaust side of the pump and work your way around the spa, jet by jet. As you do this, more water will pour out of the various fittings you unscrewed at your equipment. After you do this to each jet, you will have removed most of the water from your entire jet system and there is little chance that any pipe or piece of equipment will still have enough water in it to freeze and cause any damage. Please do not put any type of pipeline antifreeze in your spa, pipes or equipment. It is very difficult to get this liquid completely out of your system come Springtime, and it really is not necessary, provided that you have performed all of these winterizing procedures properly.
9. Get out of the spa and put the hard cover back on the unit. Secure the cover to the spa so that wind will not flip it up.
10. On portable, cabinetized spas, close and secure the equipment hatch door. Often, vermin will try to nest inside spa cabinets over the winter. They can chew wires and cause expensive damage !
11. On portable, cabinetized spas, it is a good idea to protect your spa cover and wood cabinet with a Winter Spa Cover (see article called “What is a Winter Spa Cover ?“). Install Winter Spa Cover or other type of tarp over the hard thermal cover to ensure that no water leaks through the seam in the hard cover. This is most important !
12. On inground or indeck spas, you must also place a tarp or Winter Spa Cover over the hard thermal cover. Placing the Winter Cover over the hard cover and laying swimming pool type water tubes around the perimeter of the spa on your decking will keep any rain water from getting into your spa over the winter.

Remember – If you are worried or hesitant about closing down your spa by yourself, we strongly suggest that you contact a local spa professional to perform the service for you. Most companies will guarantee their winterization against any freeze cracks to your spa, pipes or equipment.

The following are generalized instructions on how to properly close an Inground and an Above Ground pool.  Please note that all pools are somewhat different and your pool may need specific care not mentioned here.  If you have any doubts about how to properly close your particular pool, either give us a call or contact a local pool professional.  Remember…better safe than sorry !

1. Locate all your winterizing supplies.  This should include the cover, the water tubes, the plugs for the skimmers (gizzmos) and return jets and your winterizing chemicals.  You will also need an air compressor or a powerful shop vac.  You need these items for proper winterization. If you are using the green Gizzmos to plug your skimmers, check them out and make sure that they are not cracked.   This is very important when dealing with gizzmos. Gizzmos with holes or cracks will not work !
2. Backwash the filter very well to clean it out.   Drain DE filter tanks and leave backwash valve open.  On sand filters, unplug the filter drain plug and leave off. Put drain plug with other removed items in the pump basket. Make sure multiport valve has no water in it. Blow it out with a compressor or shop vac if necessary. Please note that it is not recommended to “acid wash” DE filters at the time of the pool closing.  This is best to do in the Spring so that you can immediately run pool water through the system.  It is not good to use muriatic acid on a DE filter and then just rinse it off and put it away.  The acid may degrade the filter parts over the winter.
3. Disconnect your pump and filter.  Make sure that pump is totally drained out of any water. Turn pump upside down once to make sure !   Remove any drain plugs from the pump.  It is a good idea to store any small plugs or parts in the pump basket.  This way you will be able to find them easily in the Spring.
4. If there is a heater, drain it and make sure there is no sitting water inside.  Blow it out with a compressor or shop vac. Drain heater totally and remove all drain plugs (if any). Put drain plugs in the pump basket for safe keeping.  We do not recommend to remove the heater tray.  You can remove it if you want, but you may have trouble putting it back in the Spring.  It is not necessary on most units.
5. Unscrew and loosen any quick disconnect fittings or unions at your pump and filter system.  Remember, the name of the game is “no freeze cracks”.  If the water is all drained out of your pipes and fittings, it cannot freeze and expand and crack.
6. Remove all return jet fittings ( the entire fitting ! ). If you crack a fitting while removing it, don’t panic!! You can get a replacement come Spring.  Remove all skimmer baskets. Put fittings and any other items that you remove in one of the skimmer baskets or the pump basket to avoid loss ( this includes the dive board bolts too ).
7. Blow out all return jet pipes using an air compressor or shop vac. Hook up air compressor or shop vac to the return lines at the filter system – or – some people prefer to screw the compressor fitting into the drain plug of the pump.   This will give a good seal and allow you to blow out the entire system from that one spot – but this is up to you.  Keep the air blowing until the air bubbles start to become visible from the return jets in the pool.   Put a plug in the fitting under the water when you see the bubbles blowing at full force. This will mean that 99% of the water is out of the pipe.  Make sure plug is in tight ! This is most important.
8. Blow out all skimmer (suction side) pipes in a similar fashion as noted in #7. Put a Gizzmo-type screw in plug in the skimmer when bubbles start to become visible. We know that this is sometimes difficult, but proper gizzmo installation is important. Make sure that you put PTFE tape on the gizzmo threads before installing. This insures a tight seal. If you don not want to use Gizzmo plugs and want to use black rubber-type plugs instead, that is OK as long as there is something in the skimmer to allow for water expansion when it freezes. Usually a closed plastic empty soda-type bottle will work. This is very important !  Do not just plug the skimmer lines and forget about them.  Water can easily freeze in a skimmer and crack the plastic.  This would be bad !  Also, if you have a slide, an auto vac system or a waterfall, you will have to drain and blow out those pipes as well. Remember – we do not recommend putting anti-freeze type products in the pipes.  You will not need it if the lines are properly blown out.  The anti-freeze can cause a mess in the Spring when you go to start your system and it gets sucked into your filter and blown back into the pool.  Try to avoid antifreeze – if possible – by properly evacuating all the water from the pipes.
9. Blow out main drain line (if any). No, you don’t have to dive down and plug the drain pipe. When you see bubbles coming out of the drain, plug the pipe on your end or close the gate valve. This is as much protection as you can give to a main drain line.  By doing this you will cause an “air lock” in the line and no more water should enter the pipe from the pool side.
10. Put duct tape on all exposed pipes to prevent anything from getting into them. Use a lot of tape, it’s cheap !
11. Remove rope and floats from pool and put with the rest of the supplies.
12. Remove dive board and ladders. Put in a safe spot – a shed or the garage.  Put the pump and filter in the shed or garage as well.  You probably are not going to want to move your filter if it is a sand filter.  You can leave that outside !  Remember … do not lose dive bolts or ladder bumpers. Put them in the skimmer or pump baskets.
13. Mix any granular winterizing chemicals in a bucket so that they are totally dissolved. Dump mixture into the pool. You want to avoid any undissolved granules from settling on the pool floor and staining the liner. This is very important. If you are using any liquid winterizing chemicals, pour them in the pool as well.  Test the pool for pH and Total Alkalinity.  Adjust to normal levels using pH PLUS or MINUS and ALKALINITY PLUS.  pH should be between 7.2 – 7.6 and Alkalinity between 100-150 ppm.  Make sure one of your winterizer chemicals consists of a SHOCK-type product.  You want the chlorine level in the pool to be rather high (over 3.0 for wintertime).
14. Water level.  This is an area of a little controversy with some people, so we are going to tell you how we close the pools here in New York.  You do not have to drain any water out of the pool provided that you have properly blown out and plugged all your underground pipes as outlined above and you do not have a pool that has decorative ceramic tiles at the water line.  Some people are used to their pool being drained down past the skimmer. This is usually done instead of blowing out the pipes and using gizzmos. Realize that the higher their water level is through the winter, the better it is for the pool cover. Pools that are drained down low cause a lot of undue stress on the pool cover thereby shortening its life – as well as exposing the pool liner to the air and causing it to prematurely dry out. The use of gizzmos prevents the skimmers from cracking, plugs the pipes and allows the water level to remain high for the cover so that rain water does not cause a lake on top of the pool cover – possibly causing it to fall in. We feel that the way we have stated to close a pool is the proper way.  You really only have to drain the water down in a pool if it has tile at the water level because the surface water will freeze and expand over the winter and this could cause those tiles to crack.  Aside from this situation, we feel that there is no valid reason to lower the water in the pool.  Also, you do not have to remove or “lower” the pool light provided that you keep your water at the normal level.
15. Place the cover on the pool. If there are rips or tears in the cover that are repairable, patch them with either vinyl pool patch (for vinyl covers) or with pool cover patch tape ( for lightweight covers) or with a heavy duty duct-type tape. Remember, if your cover was declared legally dead a few years ago then patching probably is not the right thing to do !  It is probably time to get a new cover.  If there are sharp points that extend into the pool, like step units or “ELS”, then it is a good idea to put rags or cardboard between the cover and the points on the pool which extend out.  Do this right or the cover may rip on those stress points.
16. If you use water tubes, lay out the water tubes, placing them through loops on cover. Fill tubes with water to approx. 85% and tightly seal all tubes. Do not overfill the tubes – when they freeze you do not want them to expand and split.  Tubes should ideally be touching each other end to end. However spacing them one (1) foot apart is OK. If you find that tubes are leaking do not fill them. Replace them with new.  It is not a good idea to patch the old tubes unless you absolutely have to.  Remember…do not overfill tubes. They should not be totally filled with water. Allow enough slack in the tube for water expansion !

Frequently Asked Questions

A. Surprisingly, most pool owners don’t really feel confident about the way they maintain their pools. That’s why we wrote this FAQ Sheet.

Q. Well I’m afraid some of my questions are pretty dumb…

A. Pretty common, is more like it! Look, a swimming pool is a sophisticated piece of equipment. Nobody expects you to know everything about it without asking questions or you’ll find yourself with a messed-up pool.

Q. O.K., then. Let me ask you this: exactly what is a ‘properly maintained’ pool, anyway?

A. A properly maintained pool is one that is visually and biologically clean.

Q. I can tell if it’s visually clean just by looking at it. But how do I tell if it’s ‘biologically clean’?

A. By using a test kit, and measuring your pool’s chlorine, Alkalinity and pH levels. (This is a very easy procedure and your pool supply dealer will be happy to show you how it’s done.) So, if you maintain the proper chlorine and PH levels, bacteria and algae will be killed, and your pool will be “biologically” safe.

Q. I’ve heard of chlorine before, but I’m still not really sure what pH is.

A. “pH” refers to the acidity/basicity level of your pool water. The reason it’s important is that unless your pool is within a certain pH range, your chlorine can’t chemically interact with the bacteria and algae it’s supposed to kill.

Q. In other words, unless my pH range is properly adjusted, chlorine won’t help keep my pool as clean as it should be?

A. Exactly. Most pool owners don’t realize how important the pH level is. The proper range is 7.2-7.8, ideally 7.6.

Q. Since it is so important, how do I maintain it?

A. That’s easy. All you have to do is: 1: Measure your pool’s current pH level 2: If the level is too high (your test kit tells you how to determine that), add “pH MINUS” 3: If the level is too low, add “pH PLUS.”

Q. Where do I get this ‘pH minus’ & ‘pH plus’?

A. Your pool chemical dealer has it. It’s not expensive, but it is critical.

Q. O.K. now that my pool’s pH is balanced what do I do?

A. You add chlorine. The idea is to maintain a Free Residual Chlorine level of 1.0-1.5ppm.

Q. That’s a new one for me. Just what does ‘Free Residual Chlorine’ actually mean?

A. ‘Free Residual Chlorine’ is the amount of chlorine that remains available to kill bacteria and algae as they occur in your water.

Q. O.K. how can I be sure I always have enough ‘Free Chlorine’ in my pool?

A. Simple. Just ask your pool chemical dealer for a test kit that measures the ‘Free Chlorine’ level. It’s easy to use and you should use it daily.

Q. That sounds easy enough

A. It is.

Q. But aren’t there different types of chlorine?

A. Yes, but basically we recommend just one type.

Q. Which one?

A. Any chlorine ( either granular or in tablet form ) that is what they call a “Stabilized Tri-chlor” type.

Q. Why?

A. Because it’s very effective in fighting bacteria and algae, it’s very easy to use, and it lasts up to 4 times longer than liquid bleach, shock or calcium hypochlorite.

Q. C’mon. Is there really a difference?

A. Yes. A Stabilized Chlorine may cost a little more initially, but will save you money in the long run. It protects the chlorine from the sun’s damaging rays.

Q. I guess I can see the advantages of Stabilized Chlorine – tell me more.

A. The sun will cause liquid bleach or shock and calcium hypochlorite to lose their effectiveness after 4 hours. But if you use a chlorine with a built-in-stabilizer, it will keep working for over 24 hours. More chlorine is left in the water to do the job of sanitizing, and less is wasted – being burned off by the sun. A smaller amount of Stabilized Chlorine will last you longer than 2-3 times as much unstabilized chlorine.

Q. O.K. I’m convinced that Stabilized Chlorine is better than the others. Now what do I do?

A. You have a choice of either Stabilized granular chlorine or Stabilized tablets. For most applications, we usually recommend using the 3″ slow dissolving “hockey puck” style tabs.

Q. OK, but say I did select the granular. How do I use it?

A. Easy: Once your pH is balanced, simply add 2 ½ ounces of most brand’s granules for every 10,000 gallons of water. However, be sure to check the label of the brand you choose.

Q. How often?

A. You do have to add it every day unless otherwise indicated by your test kit. This is this disadvantage of a granular product.

Q. Do I just sprinkle it right into the water?

A. No. You should mix it with water in a bucket first. This will ensure that you don’t stain your pool bottom. Remember, always add chemicals TO water, not water TO chemicals.

Q. Sounds easy, but I think the tablets would be easier. Am I right ?

A. Yep. Simply place the tablets either into your skimmer basket or, if you have one, your chlorine feeder. Usually only once per week !

Q. How much?

A. The same as with the granules: 2 ½ ounces per 10,000 gallons is typical, however be sure to check the label of the brand you choose.

Q. How can I tell how many gallons my pool holds?

A. There is a chart on our Web Site, go back one page to the main Pool & Spa Tips Information Directory and you’ll see it.

Q. You make it out to sound pretty simple. Basically, it seems like all I have to do is keep my pH balanced and my chlorine level up.

A. You’ve got it! The only other bit of routine maintenance you need to know about is vacuuming, super-chlorinating, and maintaining total alkalinity.

Q. Vacuuming I know about: once a week I vacuum the bottom and sides and then backwash my filter. But what’s super-chlorinating, and how often do I do it?

A. Super-chlorinating is just what it sounds like: Instead of putting in 2 ½ ounces of chlorine per 10,000 gallons, you put in 5-10 times that amount.

Q. Wow! That’s a lot!

A. True, but you do it only when needed, usually after a heavy rain, a very hot weekend or when the pool’s been heavily used. Before swimming, you must wait until the free residual chlorine has returned to below 3 ppm.

Q. Got it. Now what’s total alkalinity, and why do I have to test for it?

A. This is the water’s ability to resist changes in pH. The same conditions that produce the need to Super-chlorinate may also affect your water’s total alkalinity. A simple test kit will help you keep total alkalinity at the proper level of 80-120ppm. Your pool chemical dealer can supply the test kit and the chemicals you need.

Q. What you’ve told me is really helpful. For the first time I think I really understand how to maintain my pool, and I feel confident about it. But I’m sure that during the summer I’ll have questions.

A. First of all, you can always return to our Web Site right here, and email us a question, or call us at or . Also, we’d like to remind you that your local pool supply dealer is an expert and is always ready to help answer your questions as well.